Parshas Eikev

The Best Business Deal!

 

“At the end of forty days and forty nights, Hashem gave me the two stone tablets, the covenant tablets.” (Devarim 9:11)

I want to share a beautiful dvar Torah from Rabbi Yissocher Frand.

Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky was born in the Russian town of Kobrin in 1845. When he was six years old his father hired a private tutor to learn Torah with him. The learning went well. After a few months, Yaakov Dovid’s father, who was very poor, was no longer able to afford to pay tutor. The tutor continued learning with Yaakov Dovid for another few months. Then the tutor sent a message that, regretfully, he would be unable to continue tutoring unless he got paid. Yaakov Dovid’s father was distraught that his son would have to stop learning Torah with the tutor, but he had no money to pay him. That night in shul, Yaakov Dovid’s father heard a rich man say that he was building a home but was unable to find bricks to build the chimney. Yaakov Dovid’s father went home, dismantled the bricks from his own chimney, and sold them to the wealthy man for a large sum of money. Then Yaakov Dovid’s father hurried to the tutor and paid what he owed him in addition to a salary for the next 6 months. It was a cold winter, but Yaakov Dovid’s father could not light a fire without a chimney. The family suffered from the cold, but Yaakov Dovid’s father was happy. He felt that he had made a good deal and that the suffering was worth it if it meant that Yaakov Dovid could continue learning Torah.

Needless to say, this love for Torah made a strong impression on the young Yaakov Dovid. He advanced in his Torah learning and became well-known as the Ridvaz. He wrote many sefarim, held rabbinic positions and attained a full understanding of both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmud.             

The Yalkut Shimoni relates that once Rabbi Yochanan and Rav Chiya bar Abba were walking together. They passed a field, an olive grove, and a vineyard. At each stop Rabbi Yochanan remarked that he used to own each of them but sold them to be able to learn Torah. Rabbi Chiya started crying, sad that Rabbi Yochanan did not leave anything to support himself in his old age. Rabbi Yochanan responded that his actions were an indication of the great business deals that he had made. ‘The world was created in only six days, but the Torah was given in forty days and forty nights. I sold something created in six days and bought something that took forty days to be given.”

The Yalkut Shimoni teaches us that trading physical possessions for Torah is the greatest business deal that one can make!

Rabbi Yochanan and the Ridvaz’s father both illustrated such love for learning Torah.

What can we do to show how much we love Torah? Rabbi Frand gives a great example. Imagine if your boss asked if this one time you are able to stay a few hours late, at three times your regular salary. You would most likely jump at the opportunity. What if that would mean that you would miss your Daf Yomi shiur or that you would miss learning with your chavrusa? Would it still be worth giving that up even one time, for the extra money? (Obviously, at times, there are different considerations.)

Another example could be if there was a suit sale and you could save $100 on a suit. However, it would require you to stop your regular learning schedule one hour early. Would it be worth it? If you do go, you are valuing your one hour of learning at a mere $100. Yet, every single word of Torah learned is a new mitzvah and is priceless. In one hour, you can speak thousands and thousands of words of Torah. Is it worth trading something so priceless for a mere $100?                                                                           

(Rabbi Frand on the Parashah 2)

 

 

 

Parshas Eikev

Please, Please Pass the Bread!

 

“And you shall eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless Hashem, for the good land that He has given you.” (Devarim 8:10)

The Torah gives us a mitzvah, obligating us to say Birchas HaMazon after eating a meal consisting of at least 1 regular-size slice of bread. “And you shall eat and be satisfied, and you shall bless Hashem, for the good land that He has given you” (Devarim 8:10).

On Motzei Shabbos, the Klausenberger Rebbe, Rabbi Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam zt”l, would lead a lengthy program (tisch) for his followers. Once, long after the conclusion of the program, he wanted to eat bread again, specifically to be able to bentch one more time. He did so because he was worried lest he had not concentrated properly the first time that he had bentched, hours before. Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Alter zt”l, was the 6^th Gerrer Rebbe. His son was asked at which part of the seder his father displayed the most heartfelt devotion. His answer was the Birchas Hamazon. Rabbi Mordechai Schwab zt”l could spend 25 minutes reciting the Birchas HaMazon! One year, before Rosh Hashana, Rav Elazar Menachem Man Shach zt”l ,who was already well into his 90’s, accepted upon himself a “kabbalah” an obligation for the upcoming year. He accepted to bentch only from a bentcher, and not by heart. (Touched by His Blessing by Rabbi Yechiel Spero)

Interestingly, there are some people who purposely will not eat bread because they prefer not to be “bothered” by having to recite the Birchas HaMazon. Or they may recite Birchas HaMazon quickly, with minimal concentration. Yet, it is apparent from the actions of the great people mentioned above, that there is something very special about reciting Birchas HaMazon slowly, from a bentcher, and with concentration. If all of us appreciated the value of Birchas Hamazon, then we would rush to eat bread to be able to recite Birchas HaMazon!

What is the secret of Birchas HaMazon? What is so special about it that it elicited such responses from great people?

It is the only bracha which is directly mandated by the Torah, rather than by the rabbis. It involves much more than thanking Hashem for food. In Birchas HaMazon, we express our gratitude to Hashem and gratitude is the essence of our relationship with Hashem. When we bentch, we express our yearning and thanks. We verbalize our appreciation for the privilege of dwelling together with the Shechinah, Hashem’s Holy Presence. We are thankful to Hashem for providing for all our needs.

Moshe Rabbeinu established the 1^st bracha of Birchas Hamazon, upon seeing the manna fall in the desert after the Jews left Egypt. In that bracha we acknowledge the fact that Hashem provides sustenance to all. The 2^nd bracha was established by Yehoshua. In that bracha we express our gratitude for Eretz Yisroel and the fruit that it bears.

Why isn’t the order of the first two brachos reversed? Shouldn’t we be expressing our gratitude and appreciation right away?

Rabbi Yechiel Spero (Touched by His Blessing by Rabbi Yechiel Spero) says that perhaps this can be explained using a thought from Rav Yitzchak Hutner zt”l (Pachad Yitzchak, Chanukah 2:2). To properly give thanks, one must first recognize and acknowledge the gift that he has received. Once we understand that Hashem sustains the entire world, is the source of our livelihood, and all that we are blessed with, then we can express our gratitude for all the good that Hashem bestows upon us.

Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 430) writes, “I have a tradition from my teachers that whoever is meticulous regarding Birchas Hamazon will have his parnasah, his livelihood, available for him in a dignified manner all his life.”

There are also many other blessings, including finding one’s marriage partner, that one receives for reciting Birchas HaMazon with concentration

The Roke’ach says that one who davens or recites Birchas HaMazon with concentration, merits 100 types of roses that surround the river of Gan Eden.

The Talmud (Brachos 48B) quotes Rav Nacḥman who explains the basis of the first four brachos of Birchas HaMazon. He says that Moshe Rabbeinu instituted the first bracha when the manna descended for the Jews. In that bracha, we acknowledge that Hashem provides food for everyone. Yehoshua instituted the second bracha after the Jews entered Eretz Yisroel. In that bracha we thank Hashem for giving us Eretz Yisroel. King David and King Shlomo each instituted part of the third bracha, “Who builds Yerushalayim”. As King David conquered the city, he instituted, “…on Yisroel Your people and on Yerushalayim Your city…”. As King Shlomo built the Temple, he instituted, “…on the great and Holy Temple…”. The Rabbis in Yavneh, led by Rabban Gamliel, instituted the fourth bracha, “Who is good and does good …”. It refers to the slain Jews of the city of Beitar at the end of the Bar Kochva rebellion. These holy souls were initially denied burial by the decree of Hadrianus, and the bodies were stored adjacent to a vineyard for some years. They were ultimately brought to burial. “Who is good”, thanks Hashem that the corpses did not decompose while awaiting burial, “and does good”, thanks Hashem that Hadrian’s initial decree was reversed and that they were ultimately brought to burial.

The Talmud continues, showing how each bracha is alluded to in the Torah.

The Rashba (Talmud Brachos 48B) asks a question. The Talmud illustrates how the specific brachos of Birchas HaMazon are indicated in the Torah, proving that each of the brachos are a Torah obligation. If so, what does the Gemorah mean when it says that the brachos were instituted by Moshe Rabbeinu, Yehoshua, Kings Dovid & Shlomo, and the rabbis of Yavneh? Minchas Chinuch (430) explains that Moshe and the others determined the messages that the brachos should contain. The actual text was established by Ezra and his Beis Din. It is all based on the pasuk in the Torah (Devarim 8:10).

Bentching the Birchas HaMazon is a mitzvah from the Torah. It is an appropriate show of appreciation to Hashem. It is the vehicle that can bring us many Heavenly blessings when we recite it with concentration. May Hashem always shower his blessings upon us.

Parshas Eikev

Why Do The Righteous “Suffer”?

“… the Almighty—the Great, the Powerful, and the Awesome [One]—Who neither exercises favoritism nor accepts bribes. Who performs justice for orphans and widows and loves the convert to give him bread and a garment.” (Devarim 10:17-18)

Mrs. Simchon finally had a few moments of quiet. She decided to relax by reading her newspaper. She went to her mailbox and was upset to see that her newspaper was missing. Later that afternoon, her husband noticed that the newspaper was in the mailbox. The next day, the same thing happened. The newspaper was missing in the morning and reappeared in the afternoon. This time, the newspaper was a little crumpled. Mrs. Simchon was very upset. She put a sign on her mailbox that read, “Do not take the newspaper! If you do, you are a thief!” The following morning, Mrs. Simchon went to get her newspaper. She was shocked to see that her neighbor, Mr. Weiss, was reading it. She was very upset and disappointed. Clearly, Mr. Weiss was the thief who had taken her newspaper previously. This was hurtful to Mrs. Simchon since Mr. Weiss and his wife, as well as his children, had done many favors for the Simchon family. Now Mrs. Simchon realized that Mr. Weiss was not as good a person as he had seemed. He was just a lowly thief!  She expressed her angry thoughts to her husband. Her husband agreed that it wasn’t nice to do and that he would talk to Mr. Weiss about it. Mr. Simchon said that despite this, it was not a reason to forget about all the good things that Mr. Weiss had done for them in the past. He was still a good person even though he slipped-up in this regard. They still owed him a debt of gratitude which they should continue to show him. He said, “After all”, we ourselves are not perfect. (The Elucidated Tomer Devorah on the work of the kabbalist Rabbi Moshe Cordovero by Rabbi Shmuel Meir Riachi)

The Talmud (Brachos 28B) records a story about Rabbi Yocḥanan ben Zakkai, the towering Torah giant of his generation. When he fell ill, his students came to visit him. When he saw them, he began to cry. He told them that he feared Heavenly judgement which was so unlike the judgment of man. He said that if he were being judged by a flesh and blood king, he could maintain hope of eventually being freed from prison…. Furthermore, a flesh and blood king could be appeased with words and even bribed with money. Despite that, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai would still fear the judgement of a flesh and blood king. Certainly, he would be even more afraid when brought to judgement before the supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, Blessed be He, … who cannot be appeased with words or bribed with money.

The Torah (Devarim 10:17) tells us that Hashem does not show favoritism and does not accept bribes. What does it mean that Hashem does not accept bribes? Rashi explains that Hashem can not be appeased by a monetary bribe. The Taz (Divrei Dovid Turei Zahav) questions Rashi’s explanation. How can a person possibly bribe Hashem-the whole world belongs to Hashem?! You are not giving anything to Hashem if it already belongs to Him! The Maharal (Gur Aryeh) answers that the attempted bribe that is being referred to is when a sinner offers a korban to Hashem or sanctifies his money to Hashem. Hashem despises the attempted “bribe” because the sinner did not repent from his sins.

In a similar vein, the Chasam Sofer (quoted in Iturei Torah by Aharon Yaakov Greenberg) connects this to the pasuk that follows, “Who performs justice for orphans and widows, and loves the convert to give him bread and a garment”. The Chasam Sofer says that there are some people who do acts of tzedakah and chesed. They build orphanages, homes for the elderly and for the poor, yet they disregard and scorn other mitzvos. The pasuk teaches that since they show contempt towards fulfilling other mitzvos, they should not think that they could bribe Hashem with their acts of tzedakah and chesed. One can’t compensate for a lack of observance through acts of charity and kindness.

The Tur HaArokh (Devarim10:17) says that even a totally righteous person, who committed just a single sin, cannot remove his sin by trading off the reward for the performance of a mitzvah. Rabbeinu Bachya, the Ramban (Devarim10:17), the Rambam and Rabbeinu Yonah (Avos 4:22) say that Hashem does not accept the performance of mitzvos as atonement for transgressions. One cannot trade one for the other. For example, if one had 1000 merits and only one sin, one mitzvah does not wash-away the one sin, leaving the person with a total of 999 merits. Hashem will punish the individual for his one sin (unless he repents) and leaves the reward for the 1000 mitzvos fully intact. Hashem calculates mitzvos and sins in separate calculations, rewarding the performance of mitzvos and punishing the transgressions.

 

Why doesn’t Hashem allow a mitzvah to cancel a sin? Rabbi Moshe Cordovero (The Elucidated Tomer Devorah on the work of the kabbalist Rabbi Moshe Cordovero by Rabbi Shmuel Meir Riachi) explains it beautifully, that Hashem does it for our benefit. It is due to Hashem’s kindness, that Hashem does not allow a mitzvah to cancel a sin. A mitzvah that one does is priceless! It ascends to the highest heavens, coming to Hashem. It says in Tehillim (5:5) that sins, however, are not allowed entrance to the highest heavens. They are suppressed. Since mitzvos are on such a lofty level, it is not possible to receive such a wonderous reward in the physical world. Therefore, using the reward of a mitzvah to cancel a sin would be like trading a million-dollar bill (the reward for a mitzvah) for a 25-cent candy (cancelling the sin)! Since a mitzvah does not cancel-out a sin the mitzvah remains and we are able to receive the highest and most spiritual kind of reward for that mitzvah. That reward will last for eternity!

 

However, there are some rewards which we do receive in this world. We are rewarded for the dividends of certain mitzvos. The principle of those mitzvos is reserved for us in the next world.

 

Sins, on the other hand, can be “repaid” in the physical world. One can repent and cleanse himself from his sins. If he does not repent, he can still be cleansed from his sins through experiencing suffering. Even when one is not totally cleansed of his sins through the suffering that he endures in this world, there is a limit to how much punishment he will receive in Gehinnom to cleanse him from his sins. However, the reward for a mitzvah is eternal!

We can learn from Hashem’s actions not to suppress the good that someone does for us.

Even when someone does something bad to us, we should not focus only on the bad. One should not cancel the goodwill that he feels for a favor done to him by the harm that his friend caused. For example, Reuven did a favor for his friend, Shimon, by carrying his heavy bags on his bicycle.

An important notebook fell out and got dirty.

Shimon should remember Reuven’s help and not just remember that the notebook got dirty.

 

The reward for doing a mitzvah is eternal. It is more valuable than any reward we could possibly get in our lifetime, in this world. Since the reward for a mitzvah is so great, it would be a terrible loss for us,

if Hashem would take away one of our mitzvos to cancel a sin.

Fortunately, Hashem does not let a mitzvah cancel-out a sin.

 

Sometimes evil people seem to be experiencing much success, in this world. Hashem is repaying them in this world, where the payment is not as valuable, for any good that they may have done.

 

On the other hand, Hashem cleanses the righteous in this world of any sins that they may have done, with punishments that are finite.

Hashem shows His love for the righteous. Although Hashem rewards us for the dividends of certain mitzvos now, the principle of the reward for the mitzvos Is given in the next world,

where the reward is priceless and eternal.

 

Parshas Eikev

Honesty is the Best Policy!

 

“I bought a donkey. I did not buy a precious gem!” (Midrash Rabbah Eikev 3:3)

There was once a queen in Rome who lost a precious ring, a bracelet, and a necklace. She was very sad because these items were very precious to her. She sent a messenger who went through the streets of Rome proclaiming, “The queen has lost some precious jewels. A generous reward awaits the person who returns them within 30 days! Whoever keeps the jewels beyond 30 days will be punished by death!” The great Rabbi Shmuel bar Susrati happened to find the queen’s jewels. He held the jewels for 30 days and then went to return them to the queen. The queen was amazed. She was very happy to have her jewels returned. But she was angry that they were not returned sooner. She questioned Rabbi Shmuel who told her that he had heard the proclamation yet did not return the jewels sooner. The queen was puzzled until Rabbi Shmuel explained his actions. “I did not want you to think that I returned your jewels to earn the reward or because I am afraid of you. I returned them because in the Torah, my G-D commanded us to return a lost article to its owner.”  The queen realized that Rabbi Shmuel was both honest and righteous.  She said, ”Blessed is the G-D of Israel”. (Jerusalem Talmud Bava Metzia, Chapter 2, as quoted in Our Sages Showed the Way by Yocheved Segal)

In the times of the Beis HaMikdash, shekalim (actually, half-shekalim coins) were collected from most of the Jewish People. The money was used to pay for communal sacrifices that were brought in the Beis HaMikdash. The shekalim were stored in the Temple chamber. Three times during the year the shekalim were withdrawn and placed into three large chests. The one who withdrew the shekalim did not enter the treasury chamber wearing a hemmed cloak, a shoe, or a sandal, or wearing tefillin or an amulet. He did not enter wearing anything wherein he could hide shekalim. The Mishna explains (Shekalim 3:2) the importance of not wearing such items.  If this man would become poor, people might say that he became poor because he sinned by stealing some of the shekalim.  Conversely, if he would become rich, people might say that he became rich from stealing some of the shekalim. The Mishna continues saying that it is one’s obligation to be free of blame before man and before Hashem. As the pasuk says (Bamidbar 32:22), “And you shall be guiltless before Hashem and before the Jewish People”.

The Jerusalem Talmud (Shekalim 5:1:20) as well as the Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 38A) cite a few instances to illustrate this principle. The family of Avtinas were experts in preparing the ketores, the incense that was burned in the Bais HaMikdash. They were the only ones who knew the secret of how to properly prepare it so that its smoke went straight up, like a stick. No woman from this family ever went out wearing perfume. Not only that, but when anyone in this family married a woman from a different family, they stipulated with her that she could not put on perfume. They did this in order that others not suspect them of wrongdoing. They did not want anyone to think that they used the sacred incense to make perfume for their women. This was to confirm what the pasuk said “And you shall be guiltless before Hashem and before the Jewish People”.

It is not sufficient that a person act without sin in the eyes of Hashem. He must also appear upright in the eyes of other people so that they will not suspect him of wrongdoing.

The craftsmen of the House of Garmu made the lechem hapanim, the 12 loaves of bread that were put on the Shulchan, in the Beis HaMikdash. No other family knew the secret of how to make it. No one in this family ever ate bread made from fine flour. They ate only bread made of coarse flour mixed with bran, to fulfill that which is stated, “And you shall be guiltless before Hashem and before the Jewish People”. They did not want people to suspect them of using the recipe of the holy bread to use for their personal use. Not only must one’s behavior be beyond reproach, one should also make certain to be above suspicion.

Wow! The families of Avtinas and Garmu restricted themselves from everyday pleasures! They did so solely to avoid the false impression by cynics, that they were misusing holy items.

The Midrash (Devarim: Eikev 3:3) cites a story. Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach once purchased a donkey from an Arab. When Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach’s students looked at the donkey, they discovered a precious gem hanging around its neck. They were excited, for now their teacher would be able to teach Torah without the constant financial worries that had been plaguing him. When they told Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach about their discovery, he did not share in their excitement.  He said, “I bought a donkey. I did not buy a precious gem!” He promptly went and returned the precious gem to the Arab who had sold him the donkey. Whereupon, the Arab blessed him, and cried out, “Blessed is the G-d of Shimon ben Shetach!”

These stories highlight the importance of being honest and of acting above suspicion. What a beautiful lesson for us. How careful we must be to avoid the impression of dishonesty, even when doing nothing wrong.

Rabbi Henach Leibowitz zt”l asked a question on the above Midrash. Why did the Arab praise the “G-D” of Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach? Why didn’t he just praise Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach alone, for being so honest? After all, can’t a person be honest even if he does not believe in Hashem? Rabbi Henach Leibowitz zt”l learns an important lesson from this Midrash. One’s natural tendency is to rationalize. A person can convince himself that the action he wants to do is totally acceptable and not dishonest. Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach could have rationalized a reason to keep the gem.

Only when one is guided by Hashem and the Torah, will he see the truth, not rationalize, and do what is honest and proper. Then he will be “guiltless before Hashem and before the Jewish People”.